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12 lis 2017

Jenieckie losy mojego ojca: podążając jego śladami przez Polskę

Susanna Bolten Connaughton

 
Podporucznik Seymour Bolten, 1942.

Kilkadziesiąt lat po śmierci mojego ojca, podporucznika Seymour Boltena, w garażu moich rodziców odkryłam schowany tam szarozielony kufer, który okazał się być skrzynią skarbów.

Wielu czytelników tego bloga wie, o jakie skarby chodzi: listy jenieckie, obozowa prasa, czarno białe zdjęcia jeńców – pozujących na tle budynku obozowego szpitala w mundurach zapiętych na ostatni guzik czy prezentujący się na scenie szubińskiego Małego Teatru przebrani w kostiumy sceniczne genialnie wykonane ze skrawków.

Mój ojciec upakował ów kufer po brzegi, Jak miał w zwyczaju, uporządkował dokumenty w pakiety spięte gumką recepturką lub powkładał je w większe koperty. Ogrom zgromadzonych materiałów mnie przytłoczył, więc zdecydowałam się odłożyć badanie zawartości kufra na spokojniejszą chwilę.

Skarby ukryte w kufrze mojego ojca.

Sposobność taka nadarzyła się dekadę później, w styczniu 2015, kiedy to wraz z przedstawicielami Muzeum Holokaustu w Waszyngtonie (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) miałam okazję odwiedzić Polskę. Nigdy wcześniej nie byłam w Polsce i zastanawiałam się czy cokolwiek zostało do zobaczenia na terenie byłego Oflagu 64, o którym słyszałam kilka razy w dzieciństwie.

Odkryłam bardzo bogatą w informację stronę internetową Stowarzyszenia Oflag 64 i napisałam do jej twórcy i administratora Elodie Caldwell. Ona z kolei skierowała mnie do Mariusza Winieckiego, lokalnego pasjonata historii tego obozu. Już w pierwszej linijce zwrotnego emaila odpowiedział, że chętnie oprowadzi mnie po terenie byłego obozu.

Nie miałam pojęcia o podróży, która miała się rozpocząć.

Tego popołudnia, przyciągnęłam kufer do jadalni i ostrożnie rozłożyłam jego zawartość na całej dostępnej powierzchni. Usiadłam, wzięłam głęboki oddech i zaczęłam czytać zawartość kapsuły czasu, którą mój ojciec zapakował siedemdziesiąt lat temu.

Jak wielu jeńców, mój ojciec rzadko mówił o czasach swojej niewoli. Jeśli już cokolwiek wspominał, robił to nadzwyczaj nonszalancko. Gdy pytałam go na przykład o to, w jaki sposób trafił do niewoli, on odpowiadał: „Cóż, po prostu pojawili się na wzgórzu i machając flagą oznajmili nam, że jesteśmy pojmani)”.

W ciągu dwóch tygodni przygotowań do mojej wizyty w Szubinie, zatopiona w zawartości kufra zaczęłam poznawać jego historię.

Kiedy zaciągał się do Armii Stanów Zjednoczonych, mój ojciec, syn niepiśmiennych rosyjskich imigrantów wyznania Mojżeszowego, był 21-letnim absolwentem uczelni wyższej. Był jednym z pierwszych, którzy trafili do Oflagu 64, i jednym z ostatnich, którzy go opuścili.

 
Podporucznik Seymour Bolten, jeniec numer 1477, listopad 1943.

W czasie niewoli przechowywał wszystkie listy, które otrzymywał, tworzył też małe kopie wszystkich listów, które wysyłał i skrupulatnie odnotowywał informację o każdym otrzymanym liście czy paczce. W małym dzienniku z niebieską okładką spisywał informacje o tym, gdzie i kiedy przebywał – począwszy od walk w Północnej Afryce, przez Oflag 64, aż do Rembertowa i Odessy.

W tym sam dzienniku, doskonalił swój język rosyjski – a było to zajęcie, którego Niemcy zabraniali jeńcom.

Posłuszny rozkazom Starszego Oficera Obozu, Pułkownika Thomasa Drake’a, dbał o zdrowy tryb życia oficera: starał się znaleźć sobie pożyteczne zajęcie, był zawsze schludny i dostojny. Pracował nad dwoma obozowymi gazetami, był członkiem obozowego Komitetu Bezpieczeństwa, śpiewał tenorem w obozowym chórze oraz był obozowym tłumaczem.

Dwa tygodnie pośród zawartości kufra minęły bardzo szybko i pod koniec stycznia 2015 roku stanęłam przed opuszczonym budynkiem dworca kolejowego w Szubinie, gdzie spotkałam Mariusza po raz pierwszy. W miejscu, gdzie jeńcy przybywali do tego miasta, opowiedział mi, jak przebiegała ich trzydniowa podróż z poprzedniego miejsca osadzenia: upakowani w wagonie, z wiadrem zamiast latryny, i z niewielką, jeśli w ogóle, ilością pożywienia czy wody.

9 czerwca 1943 roku mój ojciec był jednym ze około 150 Amerykańskich oficerów, którzy wysiedli z ciemnego bydlęcego wagonu mrużąc oczy od słonecznego światła. Stojąc na tych samych torach, ogarniałam wzrokiem bezkresny płaski krajobraz otaczających pożółkłych pól i kolejowych podkładów.

Słowa mojego przewodnika przerwały letarg: „Z tego miejsca maszerowali do obozu, niewiele ponad milę stąd, ale czasem niektórzy byli w tak złej kondycji, że zabierało to niemal trzy godziny”.

Zamarłam: czy był przerażony? Czy mógł być jednym z tych w złym stanie. Miałam tylko nadzieję, że choćby z tego względu, że do obozu przyjechał w czerwcu, było mu dużo cieplej, niż nam tego szarego mroźnego styczniowego dnia.

Opuszczając teren dworca zatrzymaliśmy się obok nieczynnej od dawna szubińskiej wieży ciśnień. Chociaż jej ściany do wysokości niemal 20 stóp oplatały uschnięte winorośle, nie mogłam wyjść podziwu dla precyzji muru wykonanego z cegieł, zaokrąglonych łuków i okrągłych okien.

Nad jednym z okien był wyblakły biały prostokąt i napisana pogrubionymi czarnymi literami nazwa "Szubin".

“Spójrz uważniej”.

Pamiątka czasów okupacji niemieckiej na Szubińskiej wieży ciśnień.

Pod napisem "Szubin" przebijał się wyblakły inny napis – "Altburgund", niemiecka nazwa, którą nadali naziści w 1939 roku przejętemu miastu. Znów zamarłam i poczułam głęboki chłód. Litery te wciąż przebijają się jako ważne przypomnienie minionych czasów.

Zwiedzając miasto i Muzeum Ziemi Szubińskiej spędziliśmy wspólnie sześć godzin, po czym na terenie byłego obozu dołączył do nas Dyrektor Zakładu Poprawczego, Pan Wiesław Guziński.

Ten dzień spędzony w Szubinie odmienił moje życie.

 
Z Wiesławem Guzińskim i Mariuszem Winieckim, Szubin, styczeń 2015 i wrzesień 2017.

Od tego czasu, przeczytałam każdy z 342 listów znalezionych w kufrze, rozmawiałam z tymi, którzy te listy pisali albo z ich potomkami. Przeczesałam stronę internetową Stowarzyszenia Oflag 64 i miałam szczęście przeprowadzić rozmowy z kilkoma byłymi jeńcami oraz ich potomkami.

Odwiedziłam liczne archiwa i muzea, zarówno w Stanach Zjednoczonych, jak i w Polsce. Na kanwie tych listów piszę książkę o życiu mojego ojca w niewoli – życiu, którego nigdy w pełni nie ujawnił – oraz o tym, jak to życie ukształtowało go i wpłynęło na to, jaką był głową naszej rodziny.

Badanie zawartości kufra było naprawdę pasjonujące, ale nic nie może się równać dosłownie z podróżą śladami mojego ojca. W 2017 roku wróciłam do Polski na dwa tygodnie.

Przyjazna i kompetentna sieć kierowała mną we właściwych kierunkach: Marek Łazarz w Muzeum Obozów Jenieckich z Żaganiu, Miłosz Stroński i Arkadiusz Maciejewski z Muzeum Uzbrojenia w Poznaniu, i Rafał Górecki, dowódca Grupy Rekonstrukcji Historycznej „Green Light”. Przewodnicy Ci przybliżyli mi zarówno trudności jakich doświadczali jeńcy oraz cywile w okupowanej Polsce, jak i ich zaradność w pokonywaniu tych trudności. Dbałość o dokładność historyczną nie ustępowała zaraźliwej pasji, którą się hojnie dzielili.

Jednym z pierwszych przystanków był Poznań, tętniące życiem miasto leżące około siedemdziesięciu mil na południowy zachód od Szubina. Mój ojciec odwiedzał „Posen” (jak nazywali go Niemcy) wiele razy towarzysząc innym jeńcom w drodze do szpitala jako tłumacz. Podróżowali oczywiście pod eskortą uzbrojonego strażnika.

Jego wizyta w Poznaniu, która szczególnie mnie interesowała, miała miejsce 12 lipca 1944 roku. Kiedy mój ojciec oraz jego towarzysze niewoli w Oflagu 64, George Durgin, John Rathbone i Patrick Teel, wyszli z dworca kolejowego, usłyszeli od ich strażnika, Gefreitera Arthura Schimmela wskazującego jego karabinem na rynsztok: ”Idziecie tędy rynsztokiem, nie chodnikiem. Takie mam rozkazy od Hauptmana Mennera”.

Mój ojciec odpowiedział mu: „Byłem w Poznaniu wiele razy i nigdy nie słyszałem o takim rozkazie”.

W ten sposób wszczął kłótnię ze strażnikiem Armii Trzeciej Rzeszy.

Podporucznik Seymour Bolten, jeniec Oflagu 64, styczeń 1944.

We wrześniowe popołudnie 2017 roku, stojąc pod współczesnym dworcem kolejowym w Poznaniu odnalazłam fragment bruku i przedwojenne schody. Wyobraziłam sobie tłum, który zaczął się gromadzić widząc młodych Amerykanów stawiających się wzburzonemu Schimmelowi. Myślałam też o późniejszym zeznaniu Schimmela, w którym oświadczył, że “Bolten był wyraźnie podekscytowany”. Założę się, że był.

W wyniku tego incydentu został postawiony przed Sąd Wojskowy i rozprawa odbyła się dwa miesiące później w Gnieźnie.

Strażnicy SS, z opaskami ze swastyką na ramieniu, torowali w Gnieźnie drogę starając się utrzymać przechodniów w bezpiecznej odległości. Z dworca kolejowego, przez malowniczy plac w mieście prowadzili „niebezpiecznych” jeńców w kierunku bram trzynastowiecznego klasztoru Franciszkanów. Amerykanie spędzili straszną noc przed procesem w murach okupowanego przez nazistów sanktuarium.

Wspólnie z Mariuszem odwiedziłam klasztor w Gnieźnie. Mnich Franciszkański przywitał nas w bramie i poprowadził do świeżo odmalowanego na biało przedsionka z niskim romańskim sklepieniem. Był bardzo gościnny, ale nie omieszkał nadmienić, że rzadko pozwalają odwiedzać to miejsce, w szczególności, jeśli  wśród odwiedzających są kobiety. Wyraziłam swoją wdzięczność.

https://www.instagram.com/p/BY_nJaHAAMC/
 Zbiory XVI wiecznych ksiąg w Klasztorze Franciszkanów.

Skinął głową i poprosił, żebym opisała pokoje, w którym spali jeńcy. Na podstawie zapisków Clarence’a Fergusona i Lu Wilcoxa, jeńców prawników, którzy im towarzyszyli, powiedziałam mu, że pokoje te były połączone oraz opisałam widok z okna na drugim piętrze.

Mnich ponownie skinął głową i skierował swoje kroki w kierunku szerokich, spiralnych drewnianych schodów.

Podążyliśmy za nim. Jedynym dźwiękiem, jaki nam towarzyszył, był stukot moich butów o podłogę z ciemnych szerokich desek. Myślałam o mężczyznach, którzy wchodzili po tych schodach w 1944 roku i zastanawiałam się jaki dźwięk mogły wydawać ich zużyte sznurowane buty odbijając się echem po tych pomieszczeniach. Starałam się iść ciszej.

Gdy dotarliśmy na górę schodów, wiedziałam, że jesteśmy we właściwym miejscu. W kąciku na końcu korytarza, znienawidzony w Oflagu 64 Hauptman Zimmerman, na małym drewnianym krześle posadził strażnika, który miał czuwać przez całą noc. Pokój miał rząd wysokich okien wychodzących na wewnętrzny dziedziniec budynku. Stanęłam bliżej parapetu i podobnie jak oczom jeńców ukazał się trawiasty krużganek, gdzie onegdaj strażnicy SS stali z wycelowanymi w okna na drugim piętrze karabinami z bagnetami.

Nasza wycieczka zakończyła się na dole, przy wąskich drewnianych podwójnych drzwiach prowadzących na zewnętrzny dziedziniec. Mnich wyjaśnił, że 1944 roku od tej strony wchodziło się do klasztoru.

Wtrącił: „To tymi drzwiami twój ojciec wszedł do klasztoru i tędy go opuścił”.

Drzwi wyglądały na wystarczająco szerokie, żeby przepchnął się przez nie jeden jeniec z blaszaną miską i menażką brzęczącymi o siebie z wnętrza jego chlebaka i zwiniętym płóciennym śpiworem wetkniętym pod ramię.

Po kilku minutach podziękowaliśmy naszemu gospodarzowi i skierowaliśmy kroki do naszego następnego przystanku, stojącego obok o przecznicę dalej.

Zatrzymaliśmy się przed budynkiem sądu, gdzie jesienią 1944 roku Polowy Sąd Wojskowy Oddział 192 Trybunału Ludowego prowadził rozprawę sodową, w której oskarżonymi byli jeńcy Oflagu 64. Niemcy zbudowali ten wielki budynek w celu zastraszenia ludności, pokazania swojej dominacji – jego ozdobna fasada z ciemnej cegły zajmowała całą długość bloku, a pięć pięter olbrzymich łukowych okien spoglądało na chodnik.

Pomyślałam o liście ojca wysłanym do domu później tego samego tygodnia, w którym odbył się proces: „… trafiłem na dywanik za to, że byłem niegrzecznym chłopcem. Przypomnij, żebym o tym opowiedział.”

Dwa dni po wizycie w Gnieźnie, odwiedziłam Szubin i w końcu spotkałam inne „dzieci jeńców” z którymi do tej pory komunikowałam się tylko na odległość. W grupie tej był David Weinstein, bratanek byłego jeńca Leonarda Feldmana, który przyjechał tam, żeby kręcić film dokumentalny o doświadczeniach jego wuja.

Podczas popołudniowych zdjęć do filmu Davida, spędziłam czas z Markiem Kapsą, wnukiem innego szubinianka, Józefa Kapsy. We wrześniu 1939 roku hitlerowcy skonfiskowali jego dom rodzinny oraz drukarnię. On sam został wysiedlony do Generalnej Guberni, a w jego drukarni zainstalował się Willie Kricks – Niemiec, który wraz żoną prowadził tę drukarnię. Ostatecznie Kricks został też strażnikiem w Oflagu 64.

 Z Markiem Kapsą, wrzesień 2017.

Jesienią 1943 roku, Kricks wdał się w rozmowę z jeńcem i byłym reporterem „The Washington Post”, Frankiem Diggs’em. Usłyszawszy o drukarni Diggs wpadł na pomysł wydawania w obozie comiesięcznej gazety, „The Oflag 64 Item”.

Raz w miesiącu, począwszy od października 1943 roku, mój ojciec, Diggs oraz uzbrojony strażnik wychodząc przez kratową bramę Oflagu 64, skręcali w lewo w ulicę, której nazwę Niemcy zmienili na Adolf Hitler Strasse, po czym skręcali w prawo w wąską kręta drogę. Na miejscu w parterowej ceglanej drukarni Diggs rozplanowywał zatwierdzone przez cenzora teksty na roboczej stronie „The Item”. Mój ojciec natomiast stał obok i tłumaczył instrukcję dot. składu zecerskiego na język niemiecki. Ponad 70 lat później, miałam zaszczyt dzięki uprzejmości Marka Kapsy odwiedzić to samo miejsce.

Później tego samego popołudnia, przed Barakiem #9 w Oflagu 64, przyglądaliśmy się rekonstruktorom z Grupy Rekonstrukcji Historycznej „Green Light” przygotowującym się do wydarzenia pt.: „Żywa Lekcja Historii Oflagu 64”. Odziani w mundury w kolorze khaki i szaro zielonym, które znałam dotąd tylko z fotografii, ożywili obóz. Częstowali nawet ciężkim jak cegła niemieckim ciemnym chlebem upieczonym z trocinami według oryginalnego przepisu. (Mam nadzieję, że nie obrażą się, jeśli powiem, że w najlepszym razie, był bez smaku).

Z Rafałem Góreckim, wrzesień 2017.

Z ekranu mojego laptopa pokazałam rekonstruktorom zdjęcia znalezione w kufrze. Natychmiast wyciągnęli ze swoich pudeł z wyposażeniem takie same płaszcze i buty, w które byli ubrani na zdjęciach jeńcy Oflagu 64. Opisywali w szczegółach jak zmieniało się wyposażenie poszczególnych elementów umundurowania, jego zalety i wady, użyteczność i trwałość.

Ci młodzi ubrani w wojskowe płaszcze ludzie, byli w tym samym wieku, co mój ojciec, kiedy został jeńcem. Przez dwa następne dni za każdym razem, gdy tylko ktoś w „kurtce mojego ojca” (M41, teraz już wiem) pojawił się w zasięgu mojego wzroku, robiłam podwójne zdjęcie.

Następnego dnia, kilkaset osób przybyło na “Dzień w Oflagu 64”. Trzydziestu pięciu polskich rekonstruktorów – brytyjscy lotnicy, rosyjscy ordynansi i amerykańscy oficerowie – odtworzyło wydarzenia z prawie sześcioletniego okresu działania obozu.

28 stycznia 1945 roku Rosjanie “wyzwolili” jeńców obozu Oflagu 64. Mój ojciec spakował setki dokumentów, na których uwiecznił ostatnie dwa lata swojego życia w niewoli. Wyobrażam sobie jak uniósł je przez ramię w wysokiej okrągłej torbie, jakie nosili rekonstruktorzy. Wlókł te dokumenty ze sobą przez ponad trzy tysiące mil trwającej ponad dwa i pół miesiąca podróży: samochodem do Międzynarodowego obozu dla byłych jeńców alianckich w Rembertowie, pociągiem do Odessy, skąd statkiem przepłynął do Egiptu.

Moje ostatnie wspólne zdjęcie z tatą, czerwiec 1983.

Przez resztę swego życia trzymał tę kolekcję przy sobie gdziekolwiek się przenosił, i w końcu stała się bezcennym skarbem dla nas. Jestem wdzięczna, że przechował ten cenny ładunek, jego kapsułę czasu, kronikę jego doświadczeń, o których nie wolno zapomnieć.

Źródła:
  • Diggs, Frank. Americans Behind the Barbed Wire. Vandamere Press, 2000.
  • Ferguson, Clarence. Kriegsgefangener (Prisoner of War). Texian Press, 1983.
  • Wilcox, Lu. “Life in Prisoner of War Camp.” Oflag64.us/capture-and-camp-life.html.
  • “Notes Pertaining to the Trial of Bolten, Durgin, Rathbone, Teel,” 1944-1945; Box 31; War Crimes Division, Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General, Record Group 153; National Archives & Records Administration, College Park, Maryland.
  • Podziękowania dla Julie Gionfriddo, córki byłego jeńca Jacka Rathbone'a oraz Debby Churchman, córki byłego jeńca J. Franka Diggsa.

© 2017 Susanna Bolten Connaughton
Copyright © for the Polish translation by Mariusz Winiecki

3 lis 2017

My Father's POW Experience: Following His Trail through Poland

by Susanna Bolten Connaughton

 
2nd Lieutenant Seymour Bolten, 1942.

Decades after my father, 2nd Lieutenant Seymour Bolten, passed away, I discovered a drab green trunk buried in my parents’ garage. It turned out to be a treasure chest.

Many of the readers of this blog are familiar with its gems: KriegyPost letters, tiny paper journals, and black and white photos of POWs – posed on the steps of the Hospital Building wearing buttoned-up military coats, or arranged on the stage of the Little Theater of Szubin, wearing ingenious costumes made from scraps.

My father had packed the trunk to capacity. Typical of him, he had organized the papers into rubber-banded bundles and larger envelopes. The paper overwhelmed me: I moved the trunk aside for a quieter moment.

Treasures hidden in my father's trunk.

The quieter moment came another decade later, in January 2015, when I was given the opportunity to visit Poland with the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. I had never been to Poland and I wondered if there was anything left to see at the site of Oflag 64, a place I had only heard mentioned a few times in my childhood.

I discovered the informative Oflag 64 Association website, and emailed its resourceful creator, Elodie Caldwell. She e-introduced me to Mariusz Winiecki, Szubin’s Oflag 64 expert. His first line to me was “Yes, I can provide you guidance.”

I had no idea of the journey that was about to begin.

That afternoon, I dragged the trunk into our dining room, and gingerly laid out the papers onto every flat service available. I sat down, took a deep breath, and started to read the time capsule that my father had packed away seventy years ago.

Like many POWs, my father, who we all called “Noog,” (pronounced n-oog, and that’s another story) rarely spoke of his time in captivity. If he did, it was nonchalantly (ME: How were you captured? NOOG: Oh, they just came up over the hill waving a flag, and told us we were captured.)

So, in the two weeks that I had to prepare for my visit to Szubin, the trunk and I began to piece together his story.

When my father enlisted in the U.S. Army, he was 21-years old, the American-born, college-educated son of illiterate Russian Jewish immigrants. He was one of the first to arrive at Oflag 64, and one of the last to depart. (In civilian life, this pattern was how my father attended most events and parties.)

 
2nd Lieutenant Seymour Bolten, Kriegy #1477, November 1943.

While a POW, my father kept every letter he received, wrote out tiny copies of every letter he sent, and kept a detailed account of his mail and packages. He used a separate light blue journal to chronicle where he had been and when – from the battles in North Africa, to Oflag 64, and on to Rembertów and Odessa.

In the same journal, he practiced his Russian – a pursuit the Germans had forbidden the POWs.

He followed the orders of their Senior American Officer, Colonel Thomas Drake, for the healthy POW life of an officer: he stayed busy, neat, and dignified. He worked on the two camp newspapers, contributed to the Security Committee, sang tenor in the Glee Club, and was a camp translator.

My two weeks with the trunk flew by, and at the end of January 2015, I was in front of the abandoned Szubin train station, meeting Mariusz for the first time. As we stood on the spot where the POWs had arrived, he described their three-day journey: squeezed into a locked boxcar, sharing a bucket for a latrine, and little, if any, food or water. When they arrived at the station, many were suffering from dysentery, and none of them knew what conditions awaited them next.

On June 9, 1943, my father was among the one-hundred-fifty American POWs who piled out of a dark cattle car and squinted at the sunlight. Standing on the same train tracks, I stared across the flat, boundless landscape of yellowed fields and railroad ties.

Mariusz interrupted my trance, “They walked from here to the camp. The distance is a little more than a mile, though some of them were in such bad shape, it took them three hours to make it to the Camp.”

I was transfixed: was Noog scared? Was he one of the ones in bad shape? I hoped that because he had arrived in June, that it might have been warmer than it was on this grey, freezing January day.

On our way out of the train yard, we stood under the long-abandoned Szubin water tower. Though a twenty-foot mass of dead vines hung out of one of the windows, I could not help but admire the detailed brick work of the rounded arches and circular windows.

Above one of the windows was a faded white rectangle and the word “Szubin” printed in bold black letters.

“Look more closely.”

Reminder of Nazi-occupation times on Szubin water tower.

Underneath “Szubin,” ghosted a faded “Altburgund,” the German name that the Nazis had given to this town when they took control in 1939. Again, I stood transfixed. I felt a deep chill. The letters still echo at us as an important reminder.

The two of us spent another six hours together, touring the town, the Muzeum Ziemi Szubińskiej, and then joined by Wiesław Guziński, head of the MOAS Reform School, the Oflag 64 camp site. That
day in Szubin changed my life.

 
With Wiesław Guziński and Mariusz Winiecki, Szubin, January 2015 and September 2017.

Since then, I’ve read every one of the trunk’s 342 letters and spoken with the letter-writers or their children. I’ve combed through the Oflag 64 Association website, and had the good fortune to interview a few of the ex-Kriegies and many of their gracious descendants. I’ve visited archives and museums, across the U.S. and Poland. Using the letters as my framework, I am writing a book about my father’s life as a POW – the life he never fully disclosed – and how that life shaped him, and the way he led our family.

The research has been interesting, but nothing compares with literally following my father’s trail as told to me by the trunk. I returned to Poland in September 2017 for a two-week journey.

A welcoming and knowledgeable network steered me in the right directions: Marek Łazarz at the POW Camps Museum in Żagan, Miłosz Stroński and Arkadiusz Maciejewski at the Arms Museum in Poznań, and Rafał Górecki, the leader of Green Lights Historical Reenactment Group. These guides brought to life the challenges and resourcefulness of the POWs and of the citizens of occupied Poland. Their attention to historical detail only rivaled the infectious passion they generously shared.

One of the first stops of my trip was Poznań, a vibrant city about seventy miles southwest of Szubin. My father had visited “Posen” (as the Germans had renamed it) many times as a translator, accompanying other POWs on hospital visits. Escorted by an armed guard, of course.

The visit in which I was interested was the one on July 12, 1944. My dad and fellow Kriegies, George Durgin, John Rathbone, and Patrick Teel, had just stepped out of the train station, when their guard, Gefreiter (Corporal) Arthur Schimmel, pointed his rifle at the gutter: “You walk here in the gutter, not on the sidewalk. I have orders from Hauptman Menner.”

My father responded, “I’ve been to Posen many times, and I have never been given that order.”

The Argument with a Guard of the Third Reich had begun.

2nd Lieutenant Seymour Bolten, POW of Oflag 64, January 1944.

On a September afternoon in 2017, I stood under the now modern Poznań train station, and found the cobblestones and restored pre-war staircase. I imagined the small crowd gathering as the young Americans refused to relent to the flustered Schimmel. I thought of Schimmel’s later account of the incident, in which he had declared, “Bolten became quite excited.” I bet he did.

The resulting court-martial, was held two months later in the town of Gniezno.

SS guards, wearing the swastika armbands, cleared the Gniezno streets of all traffic and held pedestrians back at safe distance. They marched the “dangerous” POWs from the train station, across the picturesque town square, and through the gates of the town’s 13th century monastery. The Americans spent a harrowing pre-trial night inside this Nazi-occupied sanctuary.

In September 2017, Mariusz and I visited the monastery in Gniezno. A robed Franciscan monk met us at the gate, and led us in to a freshly painted, white vestibule with low, sloping Romanesque ceilings. He was hospitable, but made clear that they rarely gave tours, and especially tours that included women. I conveyed my gratitude.

https://www.instagram.com/p/BY_nJaHAAMC/
 Library for the Franciscan Monastery's collection of 16th century books.

He nodded once, and asked me to describe the rooms in which the POWs had slept. Based on the accounts written by POW lawyers Clarence Ferguson and Lu Wilcox, I told him that the rooms were adjoining, and I described the view from their second story window.

Again, the monk gave one nod. He glided up the wide and spiraling wooden staircase.
We followed. My boots clopped on the dark wide-planked floors, making the only sound around
us. I thought of the men who had climbed these stairs in 1944, and their worn out, laced-up boots
echoing through these halls. I walked more quietly.

At the landing at the top of the stairs, I knew we were in the right place. In the nook at the end of the hallway, Oflag 64’s detested Hauptman Zimmerman had sat guard all night in a small wooden chair. Inside the room, the row of tall windows looked down into a courtyard. I stood close to the sill – just as the prisoners had – and viewed a grassy cloister, where SS guards had once stood with bayoneted rifles trained on the windows of the second floor.

Our tour ended downstairs at a set of narrow wooden double doors and a serene entry yard. The monk explained that in 1944 this was the doorway for the monastery.

He tossed in, “This is where your father entered and exited.”

The doorway looked just wide enough to shove through one POW at a time, his tin bowl
and canteen clanking against each other from inside his musette bag, his rolled canvas bedsack
tucked under his arm.

After a few more minutes, we thanked our host, and walked to our next stop, a convenient one block away.

We stood before the courthouse where the “Field Court Martial Division Number 192 of the People’s Court of Germany” conducted their trials. The Germans had designed the grand building to intimidate – its ornate, dark brick façade took up the length of the entire block, and five floors of enormous arched windows glared down at the sidewalk.

I thought of my father’s letter home later that week: “…right now I am on the carpet for being a bad boy. Remind me to tell you about it.”

Two days after Gniezno, I was in Szubin, and finally meeting the other fellow “Kriegy Kids” with whom I’d only communicated remotely. The group included David Weinstein, ex-Kriegy Leonard Feldman’s nephew, who was there to film his documentary about his uncle’s experience.

During an afternoon of David’s filming, I spent time with Marek Kapsa, the grandson of Szubinite, Jósef Kapsa. You may recall from this site’s blog post, that in 1939, the Nazis had confiscated the Kapsa family’s home and print shop. They sent Jósef to a labor camp, and installed German Willie Kricks and his wife to run the shop. Eventually, Kricks became a guard at Oflag 64.

 With Marek Kapsa, September 2017.

In the Fall of 1943, Kricks fell in to conversation with POW and former Washington Post reporter, J. Frank Diggs. Hearing about the print shop gave Diggs the idea to found the monthly camp newspaper, The Oflag 64 Item.

Once a month, beginning in October 1943, my father, Diggs, and an armed guard, walked through Oflag 64’s trellised wooden gates, turned left on the renamed Adolf Hitler Strasse, and turned right, down a narrow winding road. Once inside the one-story brick home and print shop, Diggs spread out the (censor-approved geprüft) draft pages of The Item. My father stood alongside and translated Diggs’ typesetting instructions into German.

More than seventy years later, I had the honor to be hosted by Marek Kapsa in that very same yard. How pleased Jósef Kapsa and Seymour Bolten would have been to know who stood there together that day.

Later that afternoon, in front of Barrack #9 at Oflag 64, we watched the Green Lights Historical re-enactors set up for the camp’s first Living History event, “A Day at Oflag 64.” Wearing the khaki and the drab green wool I’d only seen in photographs, they brought the camp to life. They even passed around slices of the heavy-as-a-brick German black bread made from the original recipe, sawdust included. (I hope my hosts will not be offended if I say that, at best, it was tasteless.)

With Rafał Górecki, September 2017.

From my laptop, I showed the re-enactors the POW photos from the trunk. They dug into their boxes of equipment and pulled out the coats and boots that the men of Oflag 64 were wearing in the photos. They described the evolution of each article, its pros and cons of utility and durability.

They put on the coats, these men who were about the same age as my father when he was a POW. For the next two days, I did a double take every time my father’s jacket (an M41, I now know) passed the corner of my eye.

The next day, a few hundred people arrived for “A Day at Oflag 64.” Thirty-Five Polish reenactors – British flyers, Russian orderlies, and American Army officers – portrayed the six-year span of the camp. The day left many powerful impressions, not least of which was hearing an original recording of the Oflag 64 Glee Club floating over the camp loudspeakers.

On January 28, 1945, the Russians “liberated” the POWs from Oflag 64. My father packed-up the hundreds of documents that chronicled his life of the past two years. I imagine he hoisted it over his shoulder in one of the tall, cylindrical canvas duffle bags that the reenactors had carried. He hauled these papers with him on his three-thousand mile, two-and-a-half-month journey: trucked to Rembertów refugee camp, sent by box car to Odessa, and then transported aboard ship to Egypt.

Last photo with my father, June 1983.

For the rest of his life, he kept the collection with him wherever he went, and eventually, it became a priceless gift to all of us. I am grateful that he held on to this precious cargo, his time capsule, the chronical of an experience that would not and should not be forgotten.

Sources:
  • Diggs, Frank. Americans Behind the Barbed Wire. Vandamere Press, 2000.
  • Ferguson, Clarence. Kriegsgefangener (Prisoner of War). Texian Press, 1983.
  • Wilcox, Lu. “Life in Prisoner of War Camp.” Oflag64.us/capture-and-camp-life.html.
  • “Notes Pertaining to the Trial of Bolten, Durgin, Rathbone, Teel,” 1944-1945; Box 31; War Crimes Division, Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General, Record Group 153; National Archives & Records Administration, College Park, Maryland.
  • Thanks to Julie Gionfriddo, daughter of ex-Kriegie Jack Rathbone, and Debby Churchman, daughter of ex-Kriegie J. Frank Diggs.

© 2017 Susanna Bolten Connaughton

31 sie 2017

Living history - Oflag 64


Historical events depicting the daily life as well as escape attempts of former WWII American POWs held in Oflag 64, a POW camp for American ground force officers, will be re-enacted on Saturday, September 16, 2017. The Living History re-enactments will be held on the site of the former camp, located on the current premises of the MOAS (Młodzieżowy Ośrodek Adaptacji Społecznej) Home and School for At-Risk Youth in Szubin, Poland.

This unique event is organized by the Mayor of Szubin Artur Michalak, the Municipal Office of Szubin, the Regional Museum of Szubin and the Historical Re-enactment Group “Green Light” in conjunction with the MOAS Reform School in Szubin, The Szubin Culture Hall, the Schools Complex in Szubin, the Club of Photography Lovers “Flesz”, and Mariusz Winiecki, the local historical researcher of the Szubin WWII POW camp for allied forces and author of “The Oflag 64 Record” blog. Besides the Historical Re-enactment Group “Green Light” members, approximately 70 re-enactors from many other Poland-based re-enactment groups are expected.

The gate of the former POW camp will open at 10:00 a.m. Ceremonies will begin at 1 p.m. with three main historical re-enactment shows scheduled for 1:30, 2:30 and 4:30 p.m.

The first historical show entitled “Arrival of American POWs” will present the arrival of US Army officers to Oflag 64 in June 1943. During the following months, new American officers continued to arrive at the camp after being captured at various WWII battlefields. After D-Day, the camp population rapidly increased by over one thousand additional American officers, eventually reaching a maximum population of approximately 1550 POWs in January 1945.

The second historical show entitled “The Fake Drunk Party” will present the clever escape plan masterminded and carried out by 5 officers held in Oflag 64. In the middle of May 1944, Lt. Col. John H. Van Vliet II, 2nd Lt. Frank N. Aten, 1st Lt. Roy J. Chappell Jr., 2nd Lt. William F. Higgins and 1st Lt. Richard W. Secor convincingly feigned an alcoholic drinking event. The officers brewed wine from fermented raisins and after the afternoon Roll Call, they poured the stinking liquid on their faces and uniforms and rinsed their mouths with it. The officers began yelling and singing, took a cart filled with metal trash into the cobbled camp courtyard and began to make loud unbearable noises. The provocation proved to be effective and they were immediately arrested. They were quickly sentenced: “10 days in solitary on bread and water for drinking and rowdiness” as they cunningly anticipated. As soon as they reached the confinement cells located across Adolf Hitler Street outside of the barbwire fence, they immediately began sawing the bars on the cell windows with the saw blade smuggled in by Secor. On the morning of the ninth day, all the bars were cut enough to break them easily. Four of the five officers escaped, but were recaptured a short time later.

The third historical show “The Escape of a British Aviator” dates back to the time when the site was called Oflag XXI-B and held the POW officers of the Commonwealth Air Forces who were later moved to Stalag Luft 3 in Sagan in April 1943. After breakfast on September 26, 1942, Flt/Lt. Robert Howard Edwards announced that he was fed up with being held, lit up a cigarette, walked to the barbwire fence and started to climb over it. He was shot to death at point blank range after refusing a challenge from a German guard. It is probable that one of the scenes in the Hollywood motion picture “The Great Escape” could have been directly inspired by this event. Edwards was buried at the Szubin cemetery, but after the war was over, his body was disinterred and moved to the Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery.

In between the three historical shows, the re-enactors will recreate the Kriegy’s daily life with scenes depicting his normal work and recreational activities. Period musical selections will further establish the atmosphere that existed 70 years ago in the former POW camp. Excerpts of recordings of the camp Swing Orchestra, Swing Band, Symphony Orchestra, Glee Club, POWs talking about their cultural and educational activities in the camp, and a portion of a chapel service recorded by the Swedish YMCA delegate Henry Söderberg in June 1944 will be aired as well.

A mock-up of the POW camp built by MOAS students supervised by MOAS teachers Tomasz Kmieć and Mieczysław Luchowski will be displayed in the main hall of the MOAS Correction and Juvenile Detention Center. The 1:125 scale model was built during the 2012 “Oflag 64 – Save From Oblivion” educational project created by the Principal of the Reform School, Mr. Wiesław Guziński.

The Szubin Regional Museum has organized two premiere open-air exhibitions, which will be shown at the site during the event:
  • The first exhibition entitled “Scenes from POW Camp Life” presents the watercolors painted in captivity by Yves-Marie le Bot, a French POW of Oflag XXI-B Szubin in years 1940-41. The watercolor paintings were found in 2016 at the estate of his grandson and donated to the Szubin Museum.
  • The second exhibition entitled Stalag XXI-B, Oflag XXI-B and Oflag 64 as seen by the ICRC Visitors presents the photographs taken during the ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross) delegates visits in Szubin POW camps. The photos from the archives of the ICRC Photo Library in Geneva depict interviews with Oflag 64 POWs and their daily lives.
Szubin School Complex students will perform excerpts from the Leo Brady “Brother Orchid” play staged during Thanksgiving in 1943 by “The Little Theater” POW actors. The students will also recreate how the handwritten news announcements were prepared for the “Daily Bulletin”.

The photography club “Flesz” will photograph the reenactment sessions. Flesz plans to create a photo essay scheduled to be presented at the Szubin Public Library exhibition this fall.

The historical shows will conclude at 5:00 p.m.

It has become a tradition that many family members of the former Oflag 64 Ex-Kriegies visit Szubin annually. Five members of the Oflag 64 Association will be attending the “Living History – Oflag 64” on September 16. They are: Susanna Connaughton, daughter of the late 2nd Lt. Seymour R. Bolten, Dave Stewart, son of the late Capt. Donald B. Stewart, Cindy Sharpe Burgess, daughter of 2nd Lt. Wilbur B. Sharpe, Lauren Burgess, granddaughter of Sharpe, and Glenn Burgess, son-in-law of Sharpe.

Also attending will be producer David “Wino” Weinstein, the great-nephew of 2nd LT. Leonard Feldman, who will be filming the reenactment for a US documentary entitled “Feldman, Portrait of a POW”. Weinstein has worked in the film industry in Pittsburgh for the past 27 years as a producer and location manager. His body of work includes such movies as “Striking Distance” (1993) starring Bruce Willis, “Sudden Death” (1995) starring Jean-Claude Van Damme, “Dogma” (1999) starring Matt Damon and Ben Affleck, “Wonder Boys” (2000) starring Michael Douglas, “The Next Three Days” (2010) starring Russell Crowe (2010), “Warrior” (2011) starring Tom Hardy, Nick Nolte and Joel Edgerton, “Foxcatcher” (2014) starring Steve Carell, Channing Tatum, Mark Ruffalo, “Me and Earl and the Dying Girl” (2015) or “Love the Coopers” (2015) starring Steve Martin, Diane Keaton and John Goodman (2015), and an adaptation of the book “Where'd You Go, Bernadette” (2018) starring Cate Blanchett is in post production. Weinstein is currently raising funds for the documentary filming on GoFundMe.com, and intends to return to Szubin for a screening of the documentary when it's complete.



The Historical Re-enactment Group “Green Light” was formed in 2011 in Poznan, Poland. The group specializes in recreation of past events involving WWII paratrooper units of 82nd Airborne Division involved in the battles in Sicily, Normandy, Holland, Belgium, and Germany. The group also recreates units of the Women's Army Corps in Europe; in particular, from the period of preparations of Operation Overlord until the end of WWII in France. The group's activities consist of training, maneuvers, shows, staging, reenactments and commemorative history lessons. The group collects authentic period field and dress uniforms as well as equipment and weapons.

“The theme of our event is different from other living history events and is the only event of this type in our country, or even, to our knowledge, in Europe. It will be held on the original site of the former Schubin POW camp. The re-enactors from all over Poland will perform at the highest level and present Oflag 64 as it was 70 years ago. Every attendee will be able to experience the living history of the POW camp” – said Rafał Górecki, one of the co-organizers and the commander of the Historical Re-enactment Group “Green Light”.

Oflag 64 held many prisoners over the years including some who were considered quite notable. Among them were POWs:
  • Lt. Col. John H. Van Vliet Jr., Capt. Donald Stewart – most noted for being eyewitnesses to the Katyn Forest Massacre exhumation in 1943.
  • Lt. Col. John K. Waters – the son-in-law of Gen. George S. Patton – after WWII, Waters became a US Army Four-Star General, serving as the Commander in Chief of Pacific Operations from 1964-1966.
  • Larry Allen – an Associated Press war correspondent during WWII, winner of the 1942 Pulitzer Prize for his war reporting, a post-war AP correspondent in Warsaw.
  • Wright Bryan – an associate editor of the “Atlanta Journal”, following the war received the Medal of Freedom in 1947 from then NATO Supreme Commander Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower.
  • 1st Lt. Craig D. Campbell – aide-de-camp to Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, the commanding general in North Africa.
  • Col. Thomas D. Drake – the commander of the 168th Infantry Regiment, served in WWI and was the first SAO at Oflag 64 during WWII.
  • 2nd Lt. Amon G. Carter Jr. – was from a prominent family in Fort Worth, Texas. His father was the founder and first publisher of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram which had the largest circulation of any newspaper in the South. Following the war, Carter served as the publisher of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram.
There were a number of West Point graduates in the POW camp. Many other POWs, after the war, had very distinguished careers as teachers, professors, doctors, artists, gardeners, business owners, dentists, lawyers, barbers, scientists, writers, congressmen, newspaper editors, government workers, etc. Some continued in their previous professions after their return, some discovered new interests during captivity and followed new paths while some continued their military careers serving in other military theaters and campaigns. For more information, go to www.oflag64.us.

The Oflag 64 Association Hall of Remembrance (HOR) US Advisory Council is a subgroup of the descendants of the approximately 1550 US POWs who were held at Oflag 64, a German POW camp located in Szubin, Poland. The HOR US Advisory Council emerged as a result of an Oflag 64 Association trip to Szubin in 2016 to tour the camp and to meet with the Szubin Mayor and City Council. The HOR US Advisory Council has been participating in the Mayor's and town's planning for a Hall of Remembrance at Oflag 64.




7 wrz 2016

Visit to Poland by Descendants of US Army Officers held POW in Oflag 64


I am the son of a prisoner of war who served two years two months and 10 days with the best of the best, his fellow prisoners. I am forever indebted to all of my brothers and sisters who have shared the same experience and grown up together. We are all bonded by the years our dads spent as the "guest of the Germans" (daddy would have referred to it that way) in beautiful Szubin, Poland. A land unto its own, for the people were so kind to Americans and so helpful to their survival. We are all truly grateful.

George Patton ‘Pat’ Waters, son of Lt. Col. John Knight Waters

On September 3rd members of the Oflag 64 Association, descendants of US Army officers who were held POW in the largest US ground force officers' prison camp in Europe arrived in Poland for a week’s visit. Although their primary goal was to visit the former camp site where their fathers were held prisoner, they wished to commemorate the sacrifice of Polish soldiers with a wreath-laying at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Warsaw, as well as a second wreath-laying to honor the suffering of Polish civilians of all faiths and the various nationalities held POW in Szubin. They also held meetings regarding the creation of a Hall of Remembrance and a Language Lab at the former camp site. 

The first US Army officers brought to this camp were taken prisoner in February 1943, after the Battle of Sidi Bou Said, Tunisia and arrived in Szubin in June of 1943.  Among them were two officers who had been taken under duress to Katyń in May 1943. They were Lt. Colonel John H. Van Vliet, Jr. and Captain Donald B. Stewart, who upon their return to the oflag advised Washington D. C., via coded letters, of the truth about Katyń. 

Others included the future General John Waters, Lt. Craig Campbell (aide-de-camp to General Eisenhower) and Larry Allen, an Associated Press correspondent and winner of the 1942 Pulitzer Prize for his war reporting. Prisoners continued to arrive after D-Day and the camp reached some 1,500 men by January 1945. The camp was the site of what was planned to be the largest escape ever planned – which was scuttled by plans for Operation Overlord (D-Day).

Although some of the POWs arrived in Oflag 64 in June 1943 (Waters, Van Vliet, Stewart), others arrived later, and represented in the visiting group were descendants of both POW groups:
  • 2nd Lt George A. Cobb, taken prisoner on February 12, 1944 in Anzio Italy (at the Battle of the Factory);
  • 2nd Lt Reid F. Ellsworth, taken prisoner on January 24, 1944 in Italy, escaped from the January 1945 march and headed east through Poland, made it out through Odessa;
  • Lt Col Nathaniel R. Hoskot, taken prisoner on June 6, 1944, repatriated on compassionate exchange on January 7, 1945;
  • 1st Lt Robert T. Thompson, taken prisoner on September 22, 1944; on January 21, 1945 marched out of Szubin, reached Oflag XIII-B at Hammelburg on March 10, 1945;
  • Lt Col John K. Waters, who was the son-in-law of Gen. George S. Patton, and later was nominated general, taken prisoner on February 14, 1943 at Kasserine Pass, North Africa, on January 21, 1945 marched out of Szubin, reached Oflag XIII-B at Hammelburg on March 10, 1945.

From left to right: 2nd Lt George A. Cobb, 2nd Lt Reid F. Ellsworth, Lt Col Nathaniel R. Hoskot, 
1st Lt Robert T. Thompson, Lt Col John K. Waters

The members of the group included Elodie Ellsworth Caldwell and Janet Ellsworth; Tom Cobb; Anne Hoskot Kreutzer and Tom Kreutzer; Marlene Thompson McAllister and Nancy Thompson Wyatt with Taylor McAllister; and George Patton “Pat” Waters. The group’s travel was coordinated by Krystyna Piórkowska, historical researcher and author of “English-speaking Witnesses to Katyn Recent Research”.

The group have also visited the Katyn Museum and Museum of the Uprising in Warsaw, as well as Częstochowa, Auschwitz, Wieliczka and the Wawel Royal Castle in Cracow. 

* * *

Their visit to Szubin began at the Railroad Station through which almost all POWs were brought by train. Red Cross parcels were regularly picked up by some of them from this Railroad Station as well. After that they met with the Director of the Regional Museum, Kamila Czechowska, and visited the Muzeum Ziemi Szubińskiej to view the exhibition about WWII times in Szubin County and the general history of POW camps in Szubin. From the Regional Museum the group took a walk to the Main Square of Szubin to take a group picture in front of the statue of the pelican wounding its breast to feed its chicks – the coat of arms of Szubin. By the way they also visited the buildings of the former printing house in which the camp newspaper "The Oflag 64 Item" was printed. They were welcomed by Marek Kapsa, the grandson of Józef Kapsa, who was the founder and primary owner of the print house where Willi Kricks printed ‘The Item’. Later, the group toured the Old Town of Szubin and visited the ruins of the knights' medieval castle from the XIV century, as well as the Church Of Saint Martin The Bishop founded at the same time. After that they went to the Szubin cemetery to see the place where POWs who died in POW camp, including Capt. Richard H. Torrence of Oflag 64, were buried during WWII. They also saw the place where the movie theater ‘Balten-Lichtspiele’ was, where POWs were allowed to attend for a short time, under guard, to see German movies.

Before the visitors finally reached the site of the former POW camp, they met with the President of the Council, Remigiusz Kasprzak, the Mayor of Szubin, Artur Michalak and Vice Mayor of Szubin, Krystyna Sichel, to discuss the city’s plans to create a Hall of Remembrance in one of the original remaining barracks.

After that the guests walked in the direction of the former camp to stop at the Flame Memorial for a  brief ceremony to commemorate the Polish civilians, and the Polish, French, and Commonwealth of Nations POWs, as well as the Americans who were held POW in the camp at various times. They laid a wreath at the memorial to honor their fathers and all POWs who were held there in the previous camps known as Stalag XXIB and Oflag XXIB.

Oflag 64 represents a very personal place in my life. My father, George Cobb, was captured on February 12, 1944 at Anzio Beach, Italy and was at Oflag 64 until the march from the camp in January 1945. He remained in the service, fought in Korea and retired as a major.  He died at the age of 49, I had just turned 16. Like most veterans, my father rarely spoke about his experience in the wars that he fought or the time he spent as a POW. The one time he did speak about any of his experiences was to express his appreciation for the kindnesses and help he received from the Polish citizens after his escape from the march in January 1945, and as he walked his way through the countryside. (…) we know that many Polish citizens put their own lives in jeopardy during the war as they assisted POWs with escapes and shared what little food they had.  We, as descendants of American POWs are very grateful for the sacrifices of your forefathers and would like to say thank you Poland, then and now, for your support and continued interest.

Excerpt from presentation by Tom Cobb

Their visit culminated with a tour of the remaining Camp Complex – the former camp hospital, the former Brig, the Chapel, the Commandant’s house, and most importantly the ‘White House’ where the senior officers were held. They then entered the MOAS (Home for At Risk Youth) where the majority of the barracks were previously located. Their host there was Wiesław Guziński, Director of MOAS. There they viewed the scale model of Oflag 64 built by the residents of MOAS under the supervision of their teachers, Tomasz Kmieć and Mieczysław Luchowski. The woods, located near the camp site where the Jewish Cemetery was before the war, were visited as well. At the Jewish cemetery the mass execution of Polish citizens of the pre-war County of Szubin occurred. These were Poles who were incarcerated in 1939 in the internment camp for civilians (Ilag, an abbreviation of the German word Internierungslager für Zivilpersonen) which was located in the same buildings which later became the POW camp. Afterwards they journeyed to the location of the Sierniki Farmhouse, where their fathers spent the first night after being marched out of the camp on January 21, 1945 and from where many of them escaped from the Germans. At the former POW camp site they were guided by Mariusz Winiecki, a local resident and historian of the Camp Complex. 

Another of the goals of the visit was to support the US Embassy’s plan to create a Language Lab, to be located at MOAS but also available to the local community. This is a furtherance of the Oflag’s educational program of schooling the POWs in various areas, including languages.  Involved in this project is Col Warren Barlow, Office Chief of the Office of Defense Cooperation U.S. of the US Embassy.

* * *

The history of the Oflag 64 Association dates back directly to post-war times. There was a core group of men, former POWs of Oflag 64, who organized and planned reunions for a number of years, with the first Oflag 64 reunion being held in 1946 in Newark, New Jersey just a year after the war ended. Originally they were held for the Kriegies and their wives and generally for the same purpose as they are held today. The men and their families became very close and formed lasting friendships. Not until 1986 were they held yearly. Previous to that there was a span of several years between them. As time has passed, reunions have also been attended by children of Kriegies and sometimes friends. Unfortunately, as the years have gone by most of the Kriegies have also passed away. Out of the original approximately 1,500 Kriegies who were in captivity at Oflag 64, there are about 50 Kriegies still living, each over 95 years of age.

When their reunions finally come to an end due to the passing of the Kriegies, association members will continue to honor them on their Oflag 64 Association website. They will continue producing a quarterly newsletter entitled The Post Oflag 64 Item, loosely patterned after the original camp newspaper, The Item, designed to keep everyone informed as it did in previous years. Currently it is mailed in hardcopy format to all living Kriegies and their spouses, or widows of deceased Kriegies, while other association members receive notice that a digital version has been posted electronically to the www.oflag64.us website.

Over time, because of reunions or other get togethers, members of the Oflag 64 Association have become like family.  Even though they’re spread across the entire United States, they have bonded with each other and continue to enjoy each other’s company at reunions and wherever they meet. Many have developed close relationships, just as their Kriegy fathers and grandfathers did in earlier times, and keep in touch with each other on a regular basis. They maintain an email list which helps keep them connected with news and information when it is provided by others.












Photos by Mieczysław Luchowski, Mariusz Winiecki

More photos at the website of:

Muzeum Ziemi Szubińskiej and szubin.pl

More Press Coverage:

TVP Bydgoszcz

Radio PIK

Gazeta Pomorska



© Mariusz Winiecki